Conjugated bridges of D-p-A assemblies, although providing easier steric control, generally favor stronger electronic coupling.

This hinders their strong coupling in the electronic ground state, so as to keep the HLG small. Thereby, the structural D and A moieties on which the HOMO and LUMO are localized, respectively, are kept apart from each other. In practice, therefore, D and A components are often covalently linked by saturated flexible or rigid s spacers (D-s-A). However, any strong electronic interaction in such molecules renders them neither strong electron donors nor acceptors. Consequently,research efforts have been directed toward the design and synthesis of molecular systems composed of powerful electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units. Besides the amphoteric ground-state properties, photoinduced intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) processes may result in interesting photophysical phenomena such as longlived,charge-separated states.ДЄbstract = 'Multistage organic redox systems, in particular, electrochemically highly amphoteric compounds with a small HOMO/LUMO gap (HLG, for example, EoењЋred<0.5 eV), are of current interest due to their potential applications in molecular electronics and optoelectronics. Steric control, generally favor stronger electronic coupling. ConjugatedД«ridges of D-p-A assemblies, although providing easier Ground state, so as to keep the HLG small. This hinders their strong coupling in the electronic LUMO are localized, respectively, are kept apart from each Structural D and A moieties on which the HOMO and In practice, therefore,Д and A components are often covalently linked by saturatedДЇlexible or rigid s spacers (D-s-A).

HOMO/LUMO gap (HLG, for example, EoењЋred<0.5 eV),ДЄre of current interest due to their potential applications in molecular electronics and optoelectronics. Multistage organic redox systems, in particular, electrochemically highly amphoteric compounds with a small

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